Tissant des liens d’amitié avec plusieurs membres du Groupe des Cinq, il dédie même son ouverture-fantaisie Roméo et Juliette au fondateur de ce groupe, Mili Balakirev. Tchaïkovski était un maître de l'harmonie, des pratiques occidentales jusqu'à la gamme par tons (qu'il utilise dans le dernier mouvement de sa deuxième symphonie, par exemple). Finalement, en 1863, il démissionne du ministère pour se consacrer à la musique. L'adaptation musicale réalisée par George Bruns pour ce film d'animation possède plusieurs éléments de correspondance avec le ballet de Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski. "Tchaikovsky is today more admired than deplored for his emotional frankness; if his music seems harried and insecure, so are we all". En mars 1878, lors d’un voyage en Suisse, il est fasciné par la Symphonie espagnole d’Édouard Lalo et décide de composer un concerto pour violon et, avec l’aide de son ami violoniste et mentor Josef Kotek, en apprend un peu plus sur les techniques du violon. En 1852, il rentre au Co… [76] Such censorship has persisted in the Russian government in 2013, resulting in many officials, including the former culture minister Vladimir Medinsky, denying his homosexuality outright. [191], Maes and Taruskin write that Tchaikovsky believed that his professionalism in combining skill and high standards in his musical works separated him from his contemporaries in The Five. 66a), mais celles-ci ne sont pas authentiques, puisqu'elles n'ont pas été compilées par le compositeur (bien que celui-ci ait envisagé de le faire) et ne furent publiées qu’après sa mort. Elle fut reconstituée, en 1948, à partir des brouillons et des parties orchestrales préservées. [57] Rubinstein criticized their emphasis on amateur efforts in musical composition; Balakirev and later Mussorgsky attacked Rubinstein for his musical conservatism and his belief in professional music training. Even after 1880, some inside Russia held it suspect for not being nationalistic enough and thought Western European critics lauded it for exactly that reason. [186] "We have acquired a different view of Romantic 'excess,'" Horowitz says. [145] Musicologist Martin Cooper calls this practice a subtle form of unifying a piece of music and adds that Tchaikovsky brought it to a high point of refinement. ... le chorégraphe du théâtre Marinsky à Saint Petersbourg qui commanda la musique à Tchaïkovski en 1892. [31], In 1855, Tchaikovsky's father funded private lessons with Rudolph Kündinger and questioned him about a musical career for his son. 37a. La veine élégiaque, si pure chez un Scriabine, tourne chez lui en eau boueuse. [151] This sonority, musicologist Richard Taruskin points out, is essentially Germanic in effect. He also performed in concerts as a conductor in Kyiv, Odessa, and Kharkiv. There was scant opportunity for a musical career in Russia at the time and no system of public music education. Il lui reproche en effet d'avoir cherché à revenir en arrière et à refaire ce que l'histoire de la musique avait déjà fait et rendait par conséquent désormais impossible, refusant ainsi l'impératif artistique d'innover, de créer de l'inouï : « L’échec artistique de Tchaïkovski prouve qu’en art on ne peut ni faire demi-tour ni descendre ; la marche arrière et la dégringolade sont interdites. Il y remporte de nombreux succès et rencontre les grands compositeurs de son temps : Johannes Brahms qu'il estime, mais dont la musique ne le touche guère, Antonín Dvořák et Edvard Grieg, avec qui il noue des relations plus chaleureuses, et d'autres. [30] Tchaikovsky also continued his piano studies through Franz Becker, an instrument manufacturer who made occasional visits to the school; however, the results, according to musicologist David Brown, were "negligible". [46] Nor did he change his opinion as Tchaikovsky's reputation grew. Sur des textes d'Apollon Maykov, il écrit la cantate Moscou pour le couronnement du tsar Alexandre III (1883). [27] Isolated, Tchaikovsky compensated with friendships with fellow students that became lifelong; these included Aleksey Apukhtin and Vladimir Gerard. ), Like other late Romantic composers, Tchaikovsky relied heavily on orchestration for musical effects. Tchaikovsky was declared the winner, but at the 1876 premiere, the opera enjoyed only a lukewarm reception. Tchaïkovski au miroir de ses écrits de Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski Selon ma profonde conviction, Mozart est le sommet, le point culminant auquel a atteint la beauté en musique. Piotr Tchaïkovski dirige la section des sopranos du chœur de l’école, sous la direction de Gavril Lomakine, chef d’orchestre et professeur célèbre. Tchaikovsky's sudden death at the age of 53 is generally ascribed to cholera; there is an ongoing debate as to whether cholera was indeed the cause of his death. Another factor that helped Tchaikovsky's music become popular was a shift in attitude among Russian audiences. In a 1992 article, New York Times critic Allan Kozinn writes, "It is Tchaikovsky's flexibility, after all, that has given us a sense of his variability.... Tchaikovsky was capable of turning out music—entertaining and widely beloved though it is—that seems superficial, manipulative and trivial when regarded in the context of the whole literature. Pour un moment exceptionnel, celui de la Berceuse op. They also became a means, found typically in Russian folk music, of simulating movement or progression in large-scale symphonic movements—a "synthetic propulsion", as Brown phrases it, which substituted for the momentum that would be created in strict sonata form by the interaction of melodic or motivic elements. [177], Critical reception to Tchaikovsky's music was also varied but also improved over time. [42] Volkov adds that this mindset made him think seriously about Russia's place in European musical culture—the first Russian composer to do so. Sequence blues college Musique, fonctions et circonstances : Du blues au rock n . [192] Maes adds that, like them, he wanted to produce music that reflected Russian national character but which did so to the highest European standards of quality. La pension est une expérience douloureuse car Piotr adore sa mère et est déjà hypersensible. His father, Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, had served as a lieutenant colonel and engineer in the Department of Mines,[4] and would manage the Kamsko-Votkinsk Ironworks. He essentially sidestepped thematic interaction and kept sonata form only as an "outline", as Zhitomirsky phrases it. Precocious, within three years he had become as adept at reading sheet music as his teacher. [97] First performed privately at the Moscow Conservatory on the first anniversary of Rubinstein's death, the piece became extremely popular during the composer's lifetime; in November 1893, it would become Tchaikovsky's own elegy at memorial concerts in Moscow and St. Dès son plus jeune âge, et comme la plupart des grands compositeurs, l’enfant montre des dons musicaux hors du commun. [193] Tchaikovsky, according to Maes, came along at a time when the nation itself was deeply divided as to what that character truly was. « Enfant de verre » fragile selon sa gouvernante suisse, il manque de confiance en lui et reste dans les jupes de sa mère[4]. [91], During this time, Tchaikovsky's foreign reputation grew and a positive reassessment of his music also took place in Russia, thanks in part to Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky's call for "universal unity" with the West at the unveiling of the Pushkin Monument in Moscow in 1880. In the ballet The Sleeping Beauty and the opera The Queen of Spades, Tchaikovsky graduated from imitation to full-scale evocation. [92] It steeled him to become the first Russian composer to acquaint foreign audiences personally with his own works, Warrack writes, as well as those of other Russian composers. Il bénéficie de funérailles nationales célébrées par l'évêque de Narva, Mgr Nicandre Moltchanov à la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Kazan auxquelles assistent près de 8 000 personnes. Son œuvre, d'inspiration plus occidentale que celle de ses compatriotes contemporains, intègre des éléments occidentaux ou exotiques, mais ceux-ci sont additionnés à des mélodies folkloriques nationales. Ce mariage est un échec ː deux mois après, Tchaïkovski raconte à son frère que, ne pouvant plus supporter la vue de sa femme, il a tenté de se suicider en plongeant dans la Moskova pour essayer de contracter une pneumonie[8]. [54], In 1856, while Tchaikovsky was still at the School of Jurisprudence and Anton Rubinstein lobbied aristocrats to form the Russian Musical Society, critic Vladimir Stasov and an 18-year-old pianist, Mily Balakirev, met and agreed upon a nationalist agenda for Russian music, one that would take the operas of Mikhail Glinka as a model and incorporate elements from folk music, reject traditional Western practices and use non-Western harmonic devices such as the whole tone and octatonic scales. Mussorgsky, writing to Vladimir Stasov, disapproved of the opera as pandering to the public. With Serov's death, the libretto was opened to a competition with a guarantee that the winning entry would be premiered by the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre. Tchaikovsky had four brothers (Nikolai, Ippolit, Anatoly and Modest), a sister (Alexandra) and a half-sister (Zinaida) from his father's first marriage (Holden, 6, 13; Warrack. [94] Nevertheless, the overture became, for many, "the piece by Tchaikovsky they know best",[95] particularly well-known for the use of cannon in the scores. It is still unknown whether Tchaikovsky, according to musicologist and biographer David Brown, "felt tainted within himself, defiled by something from which he finally realized he could never escape"[74] or whether, according to Alexander Poznansky, he experienced "no unbearable guilt" over his sexual desires[64] and "eventually came to see his sexual peculiarities as an insurmountable and even natural part of his personality ... without experiencing any serious psychological damage". En 1852, Piotr Tchaïkovski entre au Collège impérial de la Jurisprudence et y demeure jusqu’en 1858. De retour à Saint-Pétersbourg en automne, il commence à prendre des cours de chant avec Gavril Lomakine. [61] The group also welcomed his Second Symphony, subtitled the Little Russian. [137] This intensity was entirely new to Russian music and prompted some Russians to place Tchaikovsky's name alongside that of Dostoyevsky. [45] He was less pleased with the more progressive tendencies of some of Tchaikovsky's student work. Son caractère sentimental a pu faire l'objet de discussions. Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski. Que ce soit celle de sa mère, Alexandra, une femme taciturne, qui lui inspirera plusieurs œuvres, ou encore celle de sa gouvernante suisse, Fanny. Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski, huile sur toile, 1893, Nikolaï Kuznetsov, galerie Tretiakov. [160] Otherwise, it was to composers of the past that Tchaikovsky turned—Beethoven, whose music he respected;[161] Mozart, whose music he loved;[161] Glinka, whose opera A Life for the Tsar made an indelible impression on him as a child and whose scoring he studied assiduously;[162] and Adolphe Adam, whose ballet Giselle was a favorite of his from his student days and whose score he consulted while working on The Sleeping Beauty. This music has the mark of the truly lived and felt experience". [135] While the result, Warrack charges, is still "an ingenious episodic treatment of two tunes rather than a symphonic development of them" in the Germanic sense,[136] Brown counters that it took the listener of the period "through a succession of often highly charged sections which added up to a radically new kind of symphonic experience" (italics Brown), one that functioned not on the basis of summation, as Austro-German symphonies did, but on one of accumulation. Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. Découvrez sa biographie, sa carrière en détail et toute son actualité Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski est un compositeur russe né le 7 mai 1840 à Votkinsk et mort le 6 novembre 1893 à Saint-Pétersbourg. Son œuvre dégage une odeur insupportable : mélange d’insignifiance et de quelque chose de dépassé, de mort, d’enseveli, puis de regonflé artificiellement ; des mélodies médiocres, déjà périmées ! Il joue du piano, de la flûte et de l'harmonie, et obtient son diplôme de fin d'études en décembre 1865. [156] Leon Botstein claims the music of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner also left their imprints on Tchaikovsky's orchestral style. Elle était peut-être pour Piotr la source de sa fascination pour les femmes vouées à l’échec, souffrantes et défavorisées (Roméo et Juliette, Francesca da Rimini, Le Lac des cygnes). [104] In 1888, Tchaikovsky led the premiere of his Fifth Symphony in Saint Petersburg, repeating the work a week later with the first performance of his tone poem Hamlet. [52][a 8] He appreciated the staging of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen at its inaugural performance in Bayreuth (Germany), but not the music, calling Das Rheingold "unlikely nonsense, through which, from time to time, sparkle unusually beautiful and astonishing details". [109] This relationship lasted until Tchaikovsky's death. [140], There has also been the fact that the composer did not follow sonata form strictly, relying instead on juxtaposing blocks of tonalities and thematic groups. Tchaikovsky was one of the founders of the Kyiv Music Conservatory, which was later renamed after him. This, Wiley adds, allowed him the time and freedom to consolidate the Western compositional practices he had learned at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory with Russian folk song and other native musical elements to fulfill his own expressive goals and forge an original, deeply personal style. [59], While ambivalent about much of The Five's music, Tchaikovsky remained on friendly terms with most of its members. Issu d'une grande famille bourgeoise, d'origine russe et cosaque, Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski naît à Votkinsk, une petite ville d’Oudmourtie située dans l’Oural (maison de naissance de Tchaikovsky). Tchaïkovski meurt le 6 novembre 1893 à Saint-Pétersbourg, dans l'appartement de son frère Modeste, au 13 rue Malaïa Morskaïa, neuf jours après la création de sa sixième symphonie « Pathétique ». Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski : biographie, portrait et actualités. [75], Relevant portions of his brother Modest's autobiography, where he tells of the composer's same-sex attraction, have been published, as have letters previously suppressed by Soviet censors in which Tchaikovsky openly writes of it. Tchaikovsky was angered by Fitzenhagen's license but did nothing; the Rococo Variations were published with the cellist's amendments. [66], During the late 1860s, Tchaikovsky began to compose operas. AUDIO. Tchaikovsky compromised to make his music as practical as possible for the dancers and was accorded more creative freedom than ballet composers were usually accorded at the time. Titre : Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski Auteur : Quinte Juste Genre : En ligne Type : Documentaire Thème(s) : Musique Niveau(x) : CE2 - CM1 - CM2 Difficulté : Collection(s) : Grands compositeurs They regularly attended the opera[29] and Tchaikovsky would improvise at the school's harmonium on themes he and his friends had sung during choir practice. Hans von Bülow premiered the First Piano Concerto and championed other Tchaikovsky works both as pianist and conductor. La même année, il compose néanmoins, sur commande du Théâtre Bolchoï, son premier ballet, Le Lac des cygnes, qui est un échec en raison d’une mise en scène inadéquate (il aura fallu vingt ans pour que la trame du ballet soit définitivement fixée par Marius Petipa et Lev Ivanov), ainsi qu’un opéra fondé sur un roman d'Alexandre Pouchkine : Eugène Onéguine. His great-grandfather,[6][7] a Zaporozhian Cossack named Fyodor Chaika, distinguished himself under Peter the Great at the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Néanmoins, trois extraits, qui furent joués le. These appearances helped him overcome life-long stage fright and boosted his self-assurance. (Whistles), According to musicologist Leonid Sabaneyev, Tchaikovsky was not comfortable with being recorded for posterity and tried to shy away from it. "[181], The division between Russian and Western critics remained through much of the 20th century but for a different reason. Block: Certainly. [82] The marriage was a disaster. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 3 décembre 2020 à 14:38. 37a de Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski. Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra, courtesy of, Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra. [144] Even with what Schonberg termed "a professional reevaluation" of Tchaikovsky's work,[183] the practice of faulting Tchaikovsky for not following in the steps of the Viennese masters has not gone away entirely, while his intent of writing music that would please his audiences is also sometimes taken to task. Il reçoit donc une excellente éducation générale tout en poursuivant son instruction au piano avec le directeur de la bibliothèque des partitions, mais ses résultats scolaires sont médiocres. Mismatched psychologically and sexually,[83] the couple lived together for only two and a half months before Tchaikovsky left, overwrought emotionally and suffering from acute writer's block. Leopold Auer, le dédicataire du concerto, refuse de le jouer à cause de sa difficulté ; c’est Adolph Brodsky qui est au violon solo lors de la première, en 1881, de ce concerto pour violon en ré majeur. American music critic and journalist Harold C. Schonberg wrote of Tchaikovsky's "sweet, inexhaustible, supersensuous fund of melody", a feature that has ensured his music's continued success with audiences. Né : 7th mai 1840; Mort : 6th novembre 1893; Lieu de naissance : Votkinsk, a small town in Vyatka Governorate (present-day Udmurtia), Russia; Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was a Russian composer of the Romantic era. [51] In his reviews, he praised Beethoven, considered Brahms overrated and, despite his admiration, took Schumann to task for poor orchestration. Deuxième d'une famille de six enfants dont le père est un ingénieur des mines marié à une Française, descendante d'émigrés, Piotr Ilitch fait des études de droit et entre en 1859 comme secrétaire au ministère de la Justice. [148] Like Glinka, Tchaikovsky tended toward bright primary colors and sharply delineated contrasts of texture. Leurs relations restent strictement épistolaires. During its composition, he lost Ostrovsky's part-finished libretto. [60] In 1869, he and Balakirev worked together on what became Tchaikovsky's first recognized masterpiece, the fantasy-overture Romeo and Juliet, a work which The Five wholeheartedly embraced. Only excerpts were performed and it, too, was destroyed. Rumors attached to the famous die hard ... As for illness, problems of evidence offer little hope of satisfactory resolution: the state of diagnosis; the confusion of witnesses; disregard of long-term effects of smoking and alcohol. Suivent sa sœur Alexandra et son frère Hippolyte. Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski est un compositeur russe né en 1840 et mort en 1893. Tchaïkovski fait des études de droit à Saint-Pétersbourg, obtient son diplôme le 25 mai 1859 et est engagé comme secrétaire au ministère de la justice, le 15 juin. C’est à cette période qu’il compose avec acharnement sa première symphonie dite « Rêves d’hiver » ; il faillit faire une dépression nerveuse. While impressed with the boy's talent, Kündinger said he saw nothing to suggest a future composer or performer. [72], Biographers have generally agreed that Tchaikovsky was homosexual. [55] They saw Western-style conservatories as unnecessary and antipathetic to fostering native talent. [185] Important in this reevaluation is a shift in attitude away from the disdain for overt emotionalism that marked half of the 20th century. [43] His efforts became both an inspiration and a starting point for other Russian composers to build their own individual styles. P. Tchaikovsky: Block is a good fellow, but Edison is even better. Retrouvez nos podcasts et vidéos de concerts. La partition fut détruite par le compositeur dans les années 1870. De dégringoler ! À cinq ans, il commence le piano avec Maria Paltchikova. [84] Tchaikovsky's family remained supportive of him during this crisis and throughout his life. It seems to have been Safonov. Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski ou Tchaïkovsky (en russe : Пётр Ильич Чайковский , [ˈpʲotr ɪlʲˈjit͡ɕ t͡ɕɪjˈkofskʲɪj] ) est un compositeur russe de l’époque romantique né le 25 avril 1840 (7 mai 1840 dans le calendrier grégorien) à Votkinsk et mort le 25 octobre 1893 (6 novembre 1893 dans le calendrier grégorien) à Saint-Pétersbourg. He responded with scores that minimized the rhythmic subtleties normally present in his work but were inventive and rich in melody, with more refined and imaginative orchestration than in the average ballet score. Nine days later, Tchaikovsky died there, aged 53. [143] Tchaikovsky kept the musical conversation flowing by treating melody, tonality, rhythm and sound color as one integrated unit, rather than as separate elements. He helped support his former pupil Sergei Taneyev, who was now director of Moscow Conservatory, by attending student examinations and negotiating the sometimes sensitive relations among various members of the staff. Rubinstein and Zaremba refused to consider the work unless substantial changes were made. While the salary for his professorship was only 50 rubles a month, the offer itself boosted Tchaikovsky's morale and he accepted the post eagerly. Il dédicace l'Anastasie-valse à la gouvernante de son jeune frère. His homosexuality, which he kept private, has traditionally also been considered a major factor though some musicologists now downplay its importance. More often, he used a firm, regular meter, a practice that served him well in dance music. [146] (For more on this practice, see the next section. Vsevolozhsky originally intended the libretto for a now-unknown composer named Nikolai Klenovsky, not Tchaikovsky (Maes, 152). De nombreux jeunes musiciens composaient et avaient un autre métier à côté. Mazeppa. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally. [163] Beethoven's string quartets may have influenced Tchaikovsky's attempts in that medium. "[78], Tchaikovsky lived as a bachelor for most of his life. Sa mère revient avec une gouvernante, Fanny Dürbach (1822-1901), qui passe quatre ans avec les Tchaïkovski (elle dit plus tard que ces quatre ans furent la période la plus heureuse de sa vie)[3]. [108] Tchaikovsky spent much time in this circle, becoming far more at ease with them than he had been with the 'Five' and increasingly confident in showcasing his music alongside theirs. [182] The music's use in popular and film music, Brown says, lowered its esteem in their eyes still further. Tchaïkovski loue une maison près de Klin, non loin de Moscou. Le cercueil de Tchaïkovski est porté par des proches, dont le prince Alexandre d'Oldenbourg (1844-1932), cousin de l'empereur, les frais des funérailles étant couverts par la Maison de Sa Majesté impériale. La veine élégiaque, si pure chez un Scriabine, tourne chez lui en eau boueuse. En 1891, il fait un voyage jusqu’aux États-Unis. ». Cependant Tchaïkovski demeure généralement reconnu comme un des compositeurs majeurs de l'histoire de la musique[18]. Personne autant que lui ne m'a fait pleurer, frémir d'extase, de la conscience de me rapprocher de quelque chose que nous appelons l'idéal. Il est le second fils[b] d'Ilia Petrovitch Tchaïkovski (31 juillet 1795-21 janvier 1880), ingénieur des mines (lui-même fils de Piotr Fiodorovitch Tchaïka[c] (1745-1818), connu plus tard sous le nom de Piotr Fiodorovitch Tchaïkovski), et d’Alexandra Andreïevna Assier (11 août 1812-25 juin 1854), d’origine française[d]. Others dismissed Tchaikovsky's music as "lacking in elevated thought"[3] and derided its formal workings as deficient because they did not stringently follow Western principles. [121] Tchaikovsky wrote more than 30 compositions while in Ukraine. Enregistré le 5 novembre 2019 à 20h au Théâtre des Champs-Elysées à Paris. 20a) et la Belle au bois dormant (op. Le père, mélomane, initie Tchaïkovski à la musique. Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski, né le 7 mai 1840 à Votkinsk, était un compositeur russe de l'ère romantique.Orchestrateur génial, doté d'un grand sens de la mélodie, il donna au ballet une note de noblesse qui en fit un art à part entière.. Fils d'un ingénieur des mines ayant épousé Alexandra d'Assier, descendante d'une famille française émigrée, il était destiné à la magistrature. Composers. [39] In 1861, Tchaikovsky attended RMS classes in music theory taught by Nikolai Zaremba at the Mikhailovsky Palace (now the Russian Museum). But it is entirely hollow". Il va accepter. He was honored in 1884 by Tsar Alexander III and awarded a lifetime pension. Sa famille prétendait à la noblesse en se disant parfois. [67], The last of the early operas, Vakula the Smith (Op.14), was composed in the second half of 1874. Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski - Album pour la jeunesse Voici les 24 pièces pour piano formant l'Album pour la jeunesse (ou Album pour enfants, suivant les traductions), composé en 1878 par le compositeur russi Piotr Illich Tchaikowsky.Il s'agit de compositions dites "simples", qui aujourd'hui, ne le sont pas tant que cela. [8][9], Tchaikovsky's mother, Alexandra Andreyevna (née d'Assier), was the second of Ilya's three wives, 18 years her husband's junior and French and German on her father's side. Christophe Huss 27 novembre 2020 Critique. Certains pensent qu’il s'agirait d'un suicide. In. This active engagement with the music "opened for the listener a vista of emotional and psychological tension and an extremity of feeling that possessed relevance because it seemed reminiscent of one's own 'truly lived and felt experience' or one's search for intensity in a deeply personal sense". [185], Horowitz maintains that, while the standing of Tchaikovsky's music has fluctuated among critics, for the public, "it never went out of style, and his most popular works have yielded iconic sound-bytes [sic], such as the love theme from Romeo and Juliet". Vingt jours plus tard, sous la direction d'Eduard Nápravník lors d'un concert en mémoire du compositeur, la symphonie fut reçue plus favorablement. Discussion of Tchaikovsky's personal life, especially his sexuality, has perhaps been the most extensive of any composer in the 19th century and certainly of any Russian composer of his time. [53] A recurring theme he addressed was the poor state of Russian opera. [67] Between these projects, Tchaikovsky started to compose an opera called Mandragora, to a libretto by Sergei Rachinskii; the only music he completed was a short chorus of Flowers and Insects. Au XIXe siècle, les familles aisées envoient leurs enfants dans des établissements d’enseignement spécialisé qui permettent aux élèves d’acquérir une vaste culture tout en les dirigeant vers une carrière professionnelle spécifique. [102], Despite Tchaikovsky's disdain for public life, he now participated in it as part of his increasing celebrity and out of a duty he felt to promote Russian music. Modulation maintained harmonic interest over an extended time-scale, provided a clear contrast between musical themes and showed how those themes were related to each other. [123] The traditional argument that Tchaikovsky seemed unable to develop themes in this manner fails to consider this point; it also discounts the possibility that Tchaikovsky might have intended the development passages in his large-scale works to act as "enforced hiatuses" to build tension, rather than grow organically as smoothly progressive musical arguments. [196] In his biography of Tchaikovsky, Anthony Holden recalls the dearth of Russian classical music before Tchaikovsky's birth, then places the composer's achievements into historical perspective: "Twenty years after Tchaikovsky's death, in 1913, Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring erupted onto the musical scene, signalling Russia's arrival into 20th-century music. Le 30 juillet de cette même année, le compositeur vit un des épisodes les plus sombres de sa vie : pour tenter de « guérir » son homosexualité, mettre un terme aux rumeurs et s'assurer une position sociale, il épouse Antonina Miliukova, une de ses anciennes élèves qui lui avait écrit une longue lettre enflammée, comme elle en avait déjà adressé à des banquiers, des généraux, des artistes en vogue et même des membres de la famille impériale[7]. Tchaikovsky complied but they still refused to perform the symphony. Cette théorie fut présentée par la musicologue russe Alexandra Orlova en 1979 après son émigration aux États-Unis, sur les bases de révélations qui lui furent faites en 1966 par Alexander Voitov, élève et historien du Collège impérial de la Jurisprudence de Saint-Pétersbourg[14]. Some of his works, such as the Variations on a Rococo Theme, employ a "Classical" form reminiscent of 18th-century composers such as Mozart (his favorite composer). Il se sépare d’Antonina peu après.