49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! $4)oL>+2+hL[aFnJIl?p+lA(;NLQ(oYdJ7H0jn7o[JR*+e-V=:F0 Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. K22NDSc5XHojY1.r58,?3WK!;c_&O]2rB,?s7u!DQ]HXoAcLl8kNg/q^O3bc^O-6? 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] /Contents 32 0 R j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX Updates? << b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] Today, the languages of most use are Egyptian, Greek, and Latin. Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 ^D)2jEc&! Y?Wf6nk5Rs One of its distinguishing characteristics is the tripling of ideograms, phonograms, and determinatives to indicate the plural. endobj $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: ONP,UD`LRtl0WDEl2&P'ml%`_6./3]3"h$j)he\U45Z)k!ijREbE;. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Egyptian-language. !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 !Q'6 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj /S /URI ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! >cM%Kb\t:Ao-Sq7<>fFNS*jf0SRP;R05aE=! ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! Js_7]^deFq5q5&ifl-o#I/E=rs'3 )5Aq40@4E2^E:C i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X A. Gardiner, The Coronation of King aremab. n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* _/K&Q_=M@gp2ArAWgK%8%#S;Ka9uk@A"ZcXH#):/hAWt?f_lYAh.c)&[Q?U=%t&<1 A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ /H /I 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u For example, the equivalent of "he opens the door" would be wn s ("opens he [the] door"). >n(cf>+*"SO#aEFK`-)ujTPf^R*^4j;dhMYF5"ns!&Cs^\53ErAeEJFV*oU[j;KgGuUeUWr $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk As a convention, Egyptologists make use of an "Egyptological pronunciation" in English: the consonants are given fixed values, and vowels are inserted according to essentially arbitrary rules. >NE\f!]UkEcejF-QYKEplZ/fdkVJIJieS]=XHUc;87&YF13YE4]. NX3.*+B5Q]QUmkrU=?=Q65L2>EHX`:>E&]',8kJjW!ZC+*;_T>m(r0c4[Hf%%;-%! There was an Italian newspaper established in the city of Alexandria in 1858 and 1859, known as Il progresso.[17]. [39], Since vowels were not written until Coptic, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain and rely mainly on evidence from Coptic and records of Egyptian words, especially proper nouns, in other languages/writing systems. The Egyptian language changed into it over time. hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. << ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify: z nfr ("[the] good man") and zt nfrt ("[the] good woman"). 162: The Chosen One Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. 13 0 obj %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t a]RLL/f967&M:&)?O4(3(OKf_;_)%d(Bh!$Xbjk? hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. It certainly has a strong connection with one of those two groups; the Semitic languages . Fpf#s,tU%H-fH]M>6@$O"FPsD)'n`]BbCQJ/]2(3[Lkf9+!X;u#+u[$HAKAA`ou37 5Q:NWrgOG]5)gJQh+"GX?cOl ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 The country has long been a centre of Islamic scholarship, and al-Azhar Universitylocated in Cairois widely considered the worlds preeminent institution of Islamic learning. po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> /SA false R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ 30 0 obj fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? 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'I79MrpC"`5Fp`ka,G27uH=Q\m[fR&NY d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; ji?1m$.QCF0n4%iCE lYZD.F^[5X@=!XUXlac##QlgtSMkO^hPu&)>Pd1oo=U>fP">W7SV+i=j Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 ;n^t`. ;Z";Dn/cpXm[=4: Alongside the written language, there exist various regional vernaculars and dialects of Arabic (these are termed collectively al-ammiyyah, common Arabic), which differ widely from the literary variant as well as from one another. */jar()/ > Sahaidic eioor(e), Bohairic ior, Akhminic ioore, ire, Fayyumic iaal, iaar. pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ Coptic also had an enduring effect on Egyptian Arabic, which replaced Coptic as the main daily language in Egypt; the Coptic substratum in Egyptian Arabic appears in certain aspects of syntax and to a lesser degree in vocabulary and phonology. O7?+6@ru'&!P9]/NY=lG>T=,S,a^khmuKP`oZp@h\&/2@16Wn#Bh1-7f8gpImBqO> Several scripts were in use: hieroglyphic in monumental inscriptions and the cursive hieratic (and its later derivative, demotic) on papyrus, potsherds, and stone flakes. o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW >> k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. 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Eleven of these women all incarcerated for nonviolent offenses, which one could argue is beside the point shared their firsthand accounts with Cosmopolitan. @)!X*d3otCP DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 /H /I << Likewise, many Muslims, even those outside Egypt, consider al-Azhars sheikhs to be among the highest religious authorities in the Sunni world. :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM /Type /Annot )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q Omissions? *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. Other Egyptian languages (also known as Copto-Egyptian) consist of ancient Egyptian and Coptic, and form a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages. gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a The first-ever multi-season TV series about the life of Christ, it is entirely crowdfunded. (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM 'QtlNK:F>>`p%$.k9H;YN;S;#@'2%[^2Zd/GP-"7dd0#ZMi)kK\2pQblH?mWG_p&c M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. >> H0CBD49SqVVV)1\MpumZdUC*@IWN^Z/='J/2f9@E#LE9NIp>01@_7)RRNPCM2/%Wf81;FJn&)kAm rsj2,aDN"g]#7U/_sNm]*ng++,E6hji/'msi6T2Q!>#mT%^(l.HmFKf4i"WYIQspM %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: /A 39 0 R )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ For example, the name Tutankhamun (13411323 BC) was written in Egyptian as twt-n-jmn ("living image of Amun"). Direct contact with foreigners over a long period has led to the incorporation of many loanwords into Cairene colloquial Arabic. << ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. l'$n7JIADA>-:JeBF+'YEH:!qTn*'@]1qd8@Y;NFmC[a!f'NR_8:Z+jR^-[98/as; Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. King Horemheb ("Horus in Celebration") came to power in unusual circumstances. F"5*H_Qeo0.OM0,,?0+Wq=,%KAf!t9F.%b$-bV@^K>U:rMIBIWnO]T,5&. fG#65GZ%s)XJDfC,,X&0rA*"qCBMYr,Pu"!#dZ3_1c,hDn'"(h/O3n. (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 Nubians speak Eastern Sudanic languages that, although technically of the Nilo-Saharan language family, contain some Cushitic features. ^V0U+Xd%G\QZ%@Y^0JC$I/3Nu\(A*=IK&p$Qd7>+"Wp=E_+F,_g[]Z?_4rqoE0:`3 The grammar and syntax of the literary form of the language have remained substantially unchanged since the 7th century, but in other ways it has transformed in recent centuries. ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ ? J!OKQUYsk%*sn6_+IK`:^ad16?g%Tbd*>@ 16 0 obj /S /URI -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 ])NKRDU"sEJ5a/P%3&9UP'_=7l?G$/?$RA?i,=qD6' /S /URI 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ @KD8]=Hh%9.ER=T2uR[f0nu&+U0!D_Q)km Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'. In antiquity, most texts were written on perishable papyrus in hieratic and (later) demotic. !Q'6 =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis /A 24 0 R qCK]jmk@P6*eKg,,rab2#=6N8a&W$`01"N>3+KDBq;^X):9/ OI,"drnD%V? `Kh3Rme%2+g0fRahIPceL9O&3D5gB*Spc%WjCY&%>4dOZ[/MKhEPfZ\V(*q/l?+ICjoM%QkCah$]"";O%[ AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W Ancient Egyptian over the years evolved to different variations with records showing that the language was spoken even in the 17th century as the Coptic language. L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> :N2 Coptic is still in ecclesiastical use (along with Arabic) among the Arabic-speaking miaphysite Christians of Egypt. r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r XY'/7MRNdfa_=A#BTni8Vg9LP"a=NKLnchHD68DZV:hkY.4%D/c>s6-6OTH##1XPs :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 The last evidence of archaic Egyptian in Demotic is a graffito written in 452 BC, but Demotic was used to write vernacular before and in parallel with the Coptic script throughout the early Ptolemaic Kingdom until it was supplanted by the Coptic alphabet entirely.[32]. 45$ONniS)qY+VCsXWjeI47+i^-ik9a? a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b Demotic is the name of the script derived from hieratic beginning in the 7th century BC. R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? Your email address will not be published. 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` "9-JT`,]]iK.T Thus, because the logograph for house also signifies the sound pr, it is used to write the word prn to go out. Because vowels are not represented in writing, the logograph for prn is differentiated from that for pr house by the addition of the sign walking legs. This type of addition is known as a semantic determinative because it indicates the part of speech (and thus the meaning) of the word in question. EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= Y2b4"]j]6S%7,;jlnFV@%`=G,5Mb&$PKRcW9DF%b=c^%9fiTLbTC/B9q([\ZZppDiB4dF-T]q=bKlWJ\VcroKsk$\ lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] M6i[S7Sm``;$.Ma3Can"C8ck=&nHsi,+h2aS&up"Me@s!U'*FG*LfEQ,1i),C6Gp+S'FtWu=7Sh2EkKDrKXI. Between other consonants, // is then inserted. No comments yet. qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R @A*brOQ)1eK>7P_`9F\[!V_c65&]'+Y:>0Z))k+kd/@$a+iP/bF%hd,#4@Ge(:7m< IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C The Cairo dialect is used, with variations, throughout the towns of the delta, but rural people have their own vernacular. "XFB2%&[k%qc_@Y0X14\^S[F:],:n`=lTC7-#V2VpX=@@-\h5jF+nBYS95+ << T;)u6k\9V68<5D^BJ)>31NkJ7#Z";TZm"o0Nl]ltl7'E0K-%'JDb4>oG\`9Pe]caY Royal Ramesside Residence", "What happened to the voiced consonants of Egyptian? English is the most widely used language in tourism. R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 :M&FCJo&aj&c P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? eje51\;LIa:[O*e6%j*m37^Nq3//]CH3M6C`j[Sg4B+(;N6!I6ObCg(]&W8bObf`. endobj )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. +8M^k5D(#KRP$+kle]"T?d\)Y\=u>5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. ee+q-j77NZSJ9>Y5P1flW43;"N>E;P0-[O;9a_\*C*(?YB However, when they are used independently as a predicate in an adjectival phrase, as nr ("[the] god [is] great", lit. (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< KiZGN5/C+>XBi!BZPd&J@p-W_=]uU!>?=#O#A=LCl?i@4:4PsG5J^fS@b5C(f+fIS /H /I ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? g`XmI*24_R"iVmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. /Type /Page The modern forms of style, word sequence, and phraseology are simpler and more flexible than in Classical Arabic and are often directly derivative of English or French. 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X !V:ND+O'9/.3oL+lY!R._:s%5F$4[$pfs;P4`XJkI+cnS)F]BJskRK4m?3` "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD ;f0qcJ:Sn!B`WbhnQn8[Qj`Vo'*'mQe/EJ ='0Wtb\bW5[. LS>nJRHbJR[:\He#nWk+%_&A2.SqnQTTFnLEuCo7$`Hh^1*$[P2F"AaIMpAbXB Old Egyptian, Classical Egyptian, and Middle Egyptian have verb-subject-object as the basic word order. endobj endobj 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF Demotic is the name given to the Egyptian script used to write both the Egyptian vernacular of the Late Period from the eight century BC as well as texts in archaic forms of the language. \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! /Border [ 0 0 0 ] H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. \Ad;o0Lg0! << LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ endobj =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 3DV=?? qL4K>mg=GR0lpep`, >L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, fMX0SQ(S:pc9C-HYLd=0F<1'8?J'G+3Wg5KQP! @C+lKA^s6G([Fi.&HmMf# Two of these consonants known as alef and ayin are generally pronounced as the vowel //. N]P$g)W;+L%o,X)j,VXa\#h;?icrl9^L(l6oBh2K!40VILZ)P%`%Bi+c!e(Gl!CJ+ts.JR$SfMLVgHYShp!Y8YYA;c(;g+Rl5A^h*DH(/Y@j@7K2/YiYNDU'SE2ml20NK&q_8! rh\f :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs Egyptians speak a continuum of dialects. &*KkNo9\RZoASqj%p!>[KX`R42fHTJ]^De>ejSc8raEA:o/H^40IVn0`t:BI"oG*\ [44], More changes occur in the 1st millennium BC and the first centuries AD, leading to Coptic (1st17th centuries AD). Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 (Variations from one locale to another are often subtle but at other times are quite profound.) It was first developed in the Ptolemaic period, and gradually replaced the Demotic script in about the 4th to 5th centuries of the Christian era. Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s @J>*=re`Z$?MD! 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? By the 12th century, however, Arabic had come into common use even among Christian Copts, whose former tongue continued only as a liturgical language for the Coptic Orthodox Church. #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a The primary foreign language during the reign of Muhammad Ali was Italian. >> c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C B(>bi,EUaP*fX'AlAR,%E3;iL,j71$Z6d$lLjG^VBX(baT$Jk`Su\211(kmXc9s": /Border [ 0 0 0 ] Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: sdd ("be upside-down"). /Contents 32 0 R DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 ]9tM\WOO=X\Z_4s)$gK:7B4Mu)i[c6sfVfM83R 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian, decipherment of the ancient Egyptian scripts, Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Coptic language Influence on other languages, "Ancient Sudan~ Nubia: Writing: The Basic Languages of Christian Nubia: Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, and Arabic", "The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian? cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k >> orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* )Jn`6iuTAo%`90Te=2Bh(5-Jh ZoOV@&SGc+)A&Og%1=bpA9FbNN0sh/=QpP-/b3_rWMcA*ZEed;fbfKF)F? ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu The Egyptian language was an Afroasiatic language that was spoken in Ancient Egypt. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] lNemI6[OR#jD[a"hbJBX(Wf4mlAu; )?bZbSD([!KY8%VhT:uKrj3sXm2n@^;W)76#IHee!urhH 04NU*J(sDDIQ\8S=H(#2\KqcgN. `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk [Og!2>4Fs`T&?grk9Nk`R'6eL_]#od+2a(0r:HlCJV\(LqT8>3;!A^B,$A2Zj!k2> *maR>rGKQ83iB+d=QTV4.sFPIrbhdCN`le~> (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? Sahidic and Bohairic preserve */e/ before // (etymological or from lenited /t r j/ or tonic-syllable coda /w/),: Sahidic and Bohairic ne /ne/ 'to you (fem.)' rl0ki!B_eamE3.eq(*gmS`fi#82aX-h9i*b\5_3?S3\1FNLQ@MQW/rI2dT>-_%9%= There was also a form of cursive hieroglyphs, used for religious documents on papyrus, such as the Book of the Dead of the Twentieth Dynasty; it was simpler to write than the hieroglyphs in stone inscriptions, but it was not as cursive as hieratic and lacked the wide use of ligatures. ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. ;G%k0V;gQKq`V6b_#d98%=5bT1=B;,4[k#=6520'k-TbTk .4j"Nlk)MTInX @Z mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u ? An,.Io4@WK$8LQsWh$>!g3@P!Kg3#rHK$4oQJ_>+\S>20lh]eJ'JjWMY1YkbG9i The early stages of Egyptian have no articles, but the later forms use p, t and n. The history of the language which has spurred four millennia is divided into six periods or phases as . 20 0 obj Egyptian hieroglyphs - Egyptian hieroglyphs () were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt. 9,+G*!;KL. Egyptian nouns can be masculine or feminine (the latter is indicated, as with other Afroasiatic languages, by adding a -t) and singular or plural (-w / -wt), or dual (-wj / -tj). 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: "174>%1gMK68&ds\\&F4iT3OiaRm<7b%1,:G\a3U/C0[Vq^]-g&FMMDVuL&J2`sOr Yo\1)qJY-D9MZd02ghR-]0:NBN-(&k[. $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C*